In the modern world, everybody is using computer in our office as well as home. Continuous work in the computer affects our eyes. To protect our eyes and vision, we must follow some important rules in our day to day life. The following are most important tips to reduce eye strain. Follow them and enjoy a happy life.

1. Follow the principle 20-20. If you work in computer for every 20 minutes focus your eye to a distant point for 20 seconds.

2. Adjust your Chair and monitor position to suit your height.

3. Work under proper lighting.

4. Minimize the glare using window shades or anti-glare screen.

5. Eye blinking is one of the most important tips. Frequent eye blinking reduce the ey strain.

6. Take frequent breaks from your computer and move from your seat for 5 minutes every one hour

7. Good night sleep is a must.

A network switch
A network switch is a broad and imprecise marketing term for a computer networking device that connects network segments.
The term commonly refers to a Network bridge that processes and routes data at the Data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that additionally process data at the Network layer (layer 3) (and above) are often referred to as Layer 3 switches or Multilayer switches.
The term Network switch does not generally encompass unintelligent or passive network devices such as hubs and repeaters.
The first Ethernet switch was introduced by Kalpana in 1989. [1]
As with hubs, Ethernet implementations of network switches support either 10/100 Mbit/s or 10/100/1000 Mbit/s ports Ethernet standards. Large switches may have 10 Gbit/s ports. Switches differ from hubs in that they can have ports of different speed.
The network switch, packet switch (or just switch) plays an integral part in most Ethernet local area networks or LANs. Mid-to-large sized LANs contain a number of linked managed switches. Small office, home office (SOHO) applications typically use a single switch, or an all-purpose converged device such as gateway access to small office/home office broadband services such as DSL router or cable, WiFi router. In most of these cases, the end user device contains a router and components that interface to the particular physical broadband technology, as in the Linksys 8-port and 48-port devices. User devices may also include a telephone interface to VoIP.
In simple terms, in the context of a standard 10/100 Ethernet switch, a switch operates at the data-link layer of the OSI model to create a different collision domain per switch port. This basically says that if you have 4 computers A/B/C/D on 4 switch ports, then A and B can transfer data between them as well as C and D at the same time, and they will never interfere with each others conversations. That is the basic idea in a nutshell. In the case of a “hub” then they would all have to share the bandwidth, run in half-duplex and there would be collisions and retransmissions. Using a switch is called micro-segmentation and it allows you to have dedicated bandwidth on point to point connections with every computer and can therefore run in full duplex with no collisions.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 32 AND 64 BIT PROCESSORS

In the future, the battle between 64 bit vs 32 bit processors will inevitably yield the 64 bit processor as the victor, but this transition is going to take some time.

First, I’ll talk about the pure mathematics and structure of the processors that are involved here. I’ll keep this part short and sweet.
A bit is short for “binary digit.” It is basically how a computer stores and makes references to data, memory, etc. A bit can have a value of 1 or 0, that’s it. So binary code is streams of 1’s and 0’s, such as this random sequence 100100100111. These bits are also how your processor does calculations. By using 32 bits your processor can represent numbers from 0 to 4,294,967,295 while a 64-bit machine can represent numbers from 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615. Obviously this means your computer can do math with larger numbers, and be more efficient with smaller numbers.

Now see, that description wasn’t too bad, but the question is how does this affect you, the average PC owner? The largest benefit will go to academic institutions and private companies, where large calculations are being performed, huge databases are being accessed, and complex problems are being solved.

Everyone that doesn’t fall into that category will see some benefit of using 64 bit processors over 32 bit processors, but not much in today’s marketplace. The AMD Athlon 64-bit processor is completely backward compatible, meaning you can currently use it with 32-bit operating systems and software programs. You will see some benefits by using this setup, but because the programs weren’t written to take advantage of the extra power, they won’t use much of it.

The true benefits of this set up don’t come from the amount of bits, but by the improved structure of the 64 bit vs 32 bit processor’s older structure. A 64-bit processor is made with more advanced silicon processes, have more transistors, and faster speeds. This is currently where the true benefit of switching to a 64-bit processor lays.

As for 64-bit operating systems and software, many are in the works, but nothing is in final version. Microsoft has released a beta version of Windows XP that takes advantage of the 64 bit technology, but there are still issues. The problem is when you run 32-bit software programs in the environment of a 64-bit operating system. Many programs won’t work properly, such as Adobe Acrobat and Windows Media Player, for example. Another issue is RAM. You really need about 4 GB of RAM to take full advantage of the capabilities offered by a 64-bit processor, while most PC owners have less than 1 GB under their computer’s hood.

So, the question now is should you buy a 64 bit processor now, or wait?

Disadvantages:

You’re currently not able to take full advantage of the technology because the software vendors haven’t made the switch from 32-bit to 64-bit processors.
Most AMD Athlon 64 bit processors are expensive, with prices sure to go down in the future.

Advantages:

Better performance out of a 32-bit operating system.
Probably the last processor you’ll have to buy for many years to come.
You’ll be the talk of all your friends!
As you can see, a sound argument can be made for both cases. You’ll have to determine if the differences will benefit your situation and computing future. I’ll leave the ultimate decision up to you.

MD is trying really hard to get the most out of their processor series. As such nearly on a bi-monthly basis they introduce a new processor, sometimes even two at a time. And that’s good, great in fact as it shows that the new Phenom II architecture is working out really well for them.

On that note, AMD today will release two more new processors in the Phenom II processor line. Ever since the release of Phenom II things have been going really well for AMD, yields are good and the processors certainly can clock much higher than I originally anticipated. On air the BE edition processors often can be fairly easily lifted towards 3.6 GHz, so it’s not exactly a surprise that we heard about a Phenom II 955BE processor back in march already … with the launch today.

Yields are good, clock frequencies go up, performance goes up. And that’s nice as the Phenom II series processors offer great performance for the money you have to lay down on the table. AMD Phenom series processors are slowly ripening, and are aging like a fine wine (they get better over time).

What is AMD releasing today:

* AMD Phenom II X4 955 Black Edition 3.2 GHz at a suggested price of $245 USD
* AMD Phenom II X4 945 3.0 GHz at a suggested price of $225 USD

AMD started its Dragon desktop platform with the introduction of their flagship CPU, the Phenom II X4 940. This processor however, is not compliant with the AM3 socket, and as such does not support DDR3 memory. Based on the 45 nm Deneb core the two processors released today supports socket AM3 motherboards, and DDR3 memory.

Today AMD is releasing two processors in the Phenom II line-up, the Phenom II 955BE and the Phenom II X4 945 processor. Both processors can be considered and positioned in AMDs high-end segment, yet will be priced friendly.

Also a good thing to be very aware of .. these AM3-packaged processors will fit into existing AM2+ motherboards as well. Pop in the latest BIOS on your AMD 790FX/GX DDR motherboard, and you will be good to go as well.

Anyway, good gosh darn it .. I’m already going into detail whilst we still are in the introduction.

For this review we will test the Phenom II X4 955BE processor yet also have a look at AMD Phenom II X4 945 performance. Move onwards to the next page please where we’ll startup this review with a technical overview followed by an in-depth benchmark report to see where AMD is with it’s fastest processor anno Q2 2009. And sure, though this primarily is a Phenom II X4 955BE review, we include AMD Phenom II X4 945 processor results as well, yeah we like to eat our cake and a little icing on top of it.

Anti-virus software program is a computer program that can be used to scan files to identify and eliminate computer viruses and other malicious software (malware).

Anti-virus software typically uses two different techniques to accomplish this:

Examining files to look for known viruses by means of a virus dictionary

Identifying suspicious behavior from any computer program which might indicate infection

Most commercial anti-virus software uses both of these approaches, with an emphasis on the virus dictionary approach.

Virus dictionary approach

In the virus dictionary approach, when the anti-virus software examines a file, it refers to a dictionary of known viruses that have been identified by the author of the anti-virus software. If a piece of code in the file matches any virus identified in the dictionary, then the anti-virus software can then either delete the file, quarantine it so that the file is inaccessible to other programs and its virus is unable to spread, or attempt to repair the file by removing the virus itself from the file.

To be successful in the medium and long term, the virus dictionary approach requires periodic online downloads of updated virus dictionary entries. As new viruses are identified “in the wild”, civically minded and technically inclined users can send their infected files to the authors of anti-virus software, who then include information about the new viruses in their dictionaries.

Dictionary-based anti-virus software typically examines files when the computer’s operating system creates, opens, and closes them; and when the files are e-mailed. In this way, a known virus can be detected immediately upon receipt. The software can also typically be scheduled to examine all files on the user’s hard disk on a regular basis.

Although the dictionary approach is considered effective, virus authors have tried to stay a step ahead of such software by writing “polymorphic viruses”, which encrypt parts of themselves or otherwise modify themselves as a method of disguise, so as to not match the virus’s signature in the dictionary.

Suspicious behavior approach

The suspicious behavior approach, by contrast, doesn’t attempt to identify known viruses, but instead monitors the behavior of all programs. If one program tries to write data to an executable program, for example, this is flagged as suspicious behavior and the user is alerted to this, and asked what to do.

Unlike the dictionary approach, the suspicious behavior approach therefore provides protection against brand-new viruses that do not yet exist in any virus dictionaries. However, it also sounds a large number of false positives, and users probably become desensitized to all the warnings. If the user clicks “Accept” on every such warning, then the anti-virus software is obviously useless to that user. This problem has especially been made worse over the past 7 years, since many more nonmalicious program designs chose to modify other .exes without regards to this false positive issue. Thus, most modern anti virus software uses this technique less and less.

Other ways to detect viruses

Some antivirus-software will try to emulate the beginning of the code of each new executable that is being executed before transferring control to the executable. If the program seems to be using self-modifying code or otherwise appears as a virus (it immeadeatly tries to find other executables), one could assume that the executable has been infected with a virus. However, this method results in a lot of false positives.

Yet another detection method is using a sandbox. A sandbox emulates the operating system and runs the executable in this simulation. After the program has terminated, the sandbox is analysed for changes which might indicate a virus. Because of performance issues this type of detection is normally only performed during on-demand scans.

Issues of concern

Macro viruses, arguably the most destructive and widespread computer viruses, could be prevented far more inexpensively and effectively, and without the need of all users to buy anti-virus software, if Microsoft would fix security flaws in Microsoft Outlook and Microsoft Office related to the execution of downloaded code and to the ability of document macros to spread and wreak havoc.

User education is as important as anti-virus software; simply training users in safe computing practices, such as not downloading and executing unknown programs from the Internet, would slow the spread of viruses, without the need of anti-virus software.

Computer users should not always run with administrator access to their own machine. If they would simply run in user mode then some types of viruses would not be able to spread.

The dictionary approach to detecting viruses is often insufficient due to the continual creation of new viruses, yet the suspicious behavior approach is ineffective due to the false positive problem; hence, the current understanding of anti-virus software will never conquer computer viruses.

There are various methods of encrypting and packing malicious software which will make even well-known viruses undetectable to anti-virus software. Detecting these “camouflaged” viruses requires a powerful unpacking engine, which can decrypt the files before examining them. Unfortunately, many popular anti-virus programs do not have this and thus are often unable to detect encrypted viruses.

Companies that sell anti-virus software seem to have a financial incentive for viruses to be written and to spread, and for the public to panic over the threat.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article “Anti-virus software”.

AntivirusWorld recommends:

Buy EZ Antivirus – automatic defense against the viruses

eTrust EZ Antivirus detects and removes 100% of computer viruses “in the wild” – keeping you safe from virtually all known virus threats. Plus, with automatic software updates, new threats that emerge daily won’t stand a chance.

While creating a robotic, we should not see it like only robot that is controlled by us, we should see them like a human because they have also self-improvement. Therefore, we create an Artificial Intelligence with some of knowledge and then it can improve itself. This result causes us to be careful while creating them. If they can improve theirselves they cause the end of human life so we should determine their roles in life then they improve theirselves in that way. Michael Anissimov states that ??the first AGI we create may be the last AGI we create(or the last piece of technology, for that matter).all other AGI?s will build each other or themselves.Simply put, all of humanity?s future well-being may be contingent on programmers getting the top-level motivations of the first AGI right. An Artificial Intelligence without any vaules could be profound threat if it acquired the desire to enhance its own intelligence indefinitely, regardless

of the consequences??. He focuses on moral aspect of artificial Intelligence. He claims that through Artificial General Intelligence a computer gets intelligent enough (probably around a human level), and starts improving its own source code. This creates a loop where it would become faster and faster each time it improves itself. It could in a short amount of time become more intelligent than anything before. There is high chance then that it doesn?t need people anymore. It may even be ?right? in its reasoning that humans are not needed. Therefore we should be careful not to make an ?unfriendly? AGI.

He mentioned not only creating Artificial General Intelligence but also he can see future. Basically he focuses on after creating of it and he gives examples the possibilities of change in the future because of it. Moreover, he mentioned correctly what we should do before creating it. In order not to be problem with artificial Intelligence he states that ??the first transhuman intelligence, due to its capacity for recursive self-improvement, will require a standard of altruism far in excess of the human norm. Super intelligence must go hand in hand super morality.??

All of these mentioned above indicates us that Michael Amissimov claims how we create truly an Artificial General Intelligence and cooperate with it.

AMD considers the quad core Phenoms to be the first “true” quad core design, as these processors are a monolithic multi-core design (all cores on the same piece of silicon die), unlike Intel’s Core 2 Quad series which are a multi-chip module (MCM) design. The processors are on the Socket AM2+ platform.[2]

Before Phenom’s original release, a flaw was discovered in the translation lookaside buffer (TLB) that could cause a system lock-up in rare circumstances. Phenom processors up to and including stepping “B2″ and “BA” are affected by this bug. BIOS and software workarounds disable the TLB, and typically incur a performance penalty of at least 10%.[3] This penalty was not accounted for in pre-release previews of Phenom, hence the performance of early Phenoms delivered to customers is expected to be less than the preview benchmarks. “B3″ stepping Phenom processors were released March 27, 2008 without the TLB bug and with “xx50″ model numbers.[4]

An AMD subsidiary has released a patch for the Linux kernel,[5] which it said has received “minimal functional testing”, to overcome this bug by software emulation of accessed- and dirty-bits causing little performance loss.[citation needed]

AMD has launched several models of the Phenom processor in 2007/2008 and more recently an upgraded model Phenom II in 2009.[6][7][8][9]
AMD Phenom processor family
AMD K10 Desktop
Quad-core Triple-core Dual-core
AMD Phenom logo as of 2007 AMD Phenom logo as of 2008 AMD Phenom logo as of 2008 AMD Athlon X2 logo as of 2007
Code-named Agena Toliman Kuma
Core 65nm 65nm 65nm
Date released Mar 2008 Mar 2008 Dec 2008
AMD Phenom logo as of 2008 AMD Phenom logo as of 2009 AMD Phenom logo as of 2009
Code-named Deneb Heka
Core 45nm 45nm
Date released Feb 2009 Feb 2009
List of AMD Phenom microprocessors

Nowadays, technology has been increased into create robots which has a concept that is called ?Artificial intelligence?. Artificial Intelligence means that it is the area of computer science focusing on creating machines that can engage on behaviors that humans consider intelligent. AI programming techniques, the dream of smart machines is becoming a reality. Researchers are creating systems which can mimic human thought, understand speech, beat the best human chess player, and countless other feats never before possible. Find out how the military is applying AI logic to its hi-tech systems, and how in the near future Artificial Intelligence may impact our lives. Therefore, a reading which is called ?Cooperating With New Intelligence? about it from Michael Amissimov. He argues that today?s technology is enough to create artificial general intelligence so while doing this improvement we should be careful due to the fact that they are not only like robots that do same thing but also has self-improvement and moral sense. In his opinion, he claims that supercomputers are powerful and Artificial Intelligence should have a goal system which is not harmful to human beings. This idea is valid and acceptable because this idea is not contradictory within his idea that artificial general Intelligence can create.

Firstly, he discussed self-improvement of Artificial Intelligence. He claims that artificial intelligence should have self improvement rather than have a few functions that doing same thing and no improvements. He states that through Artificial General Intelligence a computer gets intelligent enough (probably around a human level), and starts improving its own source code. This creates a loop where it would become faster and faster each time it improves itself. It could in a short amount of time become more intelligent than anything before. There is high chance then that it doesn?t need people anymore. It may even be ?right? in its reasoning that humans are not needed. Therefore we should be careful not to make a ?unfriendly? AGI.

Computer software, or just software is a general term used to describe a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform some tasks on a computer system. The term includes application software such as word processors which perform productive tasks for users, system software such as operating systems, which interface with hardware to provide the necessary services for application software, and middleware which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.

“Software” is sometimes used in a broader context to mean anything which is not hardware but which is used with hardware, such as film, tapes and records.
Types

Practical computer systems divide software systems into three major classes: system software, programming software and application software, although the distinction is arbitrary, and often blurred.

* System software helps run the computer hardware and computer system. It includes operating systems, device drivers, diagnostic tools, servers, windowing systems, utilities and more. The purpose of systems software is to insulate the applications programmer as much as possible from the details of the particular computer complex being used, especially memory and other hardware features, and such as accessory devices as communications, printers, readers, displays, keyboards, etc.
* Programming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs, and software using different programming languages in a more convenient way. The tools include text editors, compilers, interpreters, linkers, debuggers, and so on. An Integrated development environment (IDE) merges those tools into a software bundle, and a programmer may not need to type multiple commands for compiling, interpreting, debugging, tracing, and etc., because the IDE usually has an advanced graphical user interface, or GUI.
* Application software allows end users to accomplish one or more specific (non-computer related) tasks. Typical applications include industrial automation, business software, educational software, medical software, databases, and computer games. Businesses are probably the biggest users of application software, but almost every field of human activity now uses some form of application software.

A laptop computer or laptop (also notebook computer, notebook and notepad) is a small mobile computer, typically weighing 3 to 12 pounds (1.4 to 5.4 kg), although older laptops may weigh more. Laptops usually run on a single main battery or from an external AC/DC adapter that charges the battery while it also supplies power to the computer itself, even in the event of a power failure. This very powerful main battery should not be confused with the much smaller battery nearly all computers use to run the real-time clock and backup BIOS configuration into the CMOS memory when the computer is without power. A replacement computer is a personal computer that provides the full capabilities of a desktop computer while remaining portable. They are often a larger, bulkier laptop. Because of their increased size, this class of computer usually includes more powerful components and a larger display than generally used in smaller portable computers and can have a relatively limited battery capacity (or none at all). Some use a limited range of desktop components to provide better performance per dollar at the expense of battery life. These are sometimes called desknotes, a portmanteau of the words “desktop” and “notebook,” though the term is also applied to desktop replacement computers in general.[1] Powerful laptops are meant to be mainly used for fun and infrequently carried out due to their weight and size; the latter provides more space for powerful components and a big screen, usually measuring 17–20 inches (43–51 cm). Desktop replacements tend to have limited battery life, rarely exceeding three hours, because the hardware is not optimized for efficient power usage. Sometimes called a luggable laptop. An example of a desktop replacement computers are gaming notebooks, which are designed to handle 3D graphic-intensive processing for gamers. Laptops contain components that are similar to their desktop counterparts and perform the same functions, but are miniaturized and optimized for mobile use and efficient power consumption, although typically less powerful for the same price. Laptops usually have liquid crystal displays and most of them use different memory modules for their random access memory (RAM), for instance, SO-DIMM in lieu of the larger DIMMs. In addition to a built-in keyboard, they may utilize a touchpad (also known as a trackpad) or a pointing stick for input, though an external keyboard or mouse can usually be attached.